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Fraternal twin
Siblings born at the same time as the result of fertilization of two ova by two sperm. They share the same genetic relationship to each other as any other siblings.
Junk DNA
Stretches of DNA that do not code for genes; most of the genome consists of so-called junk DNA which may have regulatory and other functions.
Codominance
Situation in which two different alleles for a genetic trait are both expressed.
Phenotype
The physical characteristics of an organism or the presence of a disease that may or may not be genetic.
Centromere
A specialized chromosome region to which spindle fibers attach during cell division.
Bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC)
A vector used to clone DNA fragments (100- to 300-kb insert size; average, 150 kb) in Escherichia coli cells.
Autosome
A chromosome not involved in sex determination.
Genetic illness
Sickness, physical disability, or other disorder resulting from the inheritance of one or more deleterious alleles.
Haploid
A single set of chromosomes (half the full set of genetic material) present in the egg and sperm cells of animals and in the egg and pollen cells of plants
Deletion.
A loss of part of the DNA from a chromosome; can lead to a disease or abnormality.
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